SAP (Systems Applications and Products)

1. General ledger:

• Chart of accounts: Company
  • one chart of accounts for each controlling area
• Controlling Area:
  • Basis for management data and reporting
• Credit Control Area: Receivable
• Global Settings: 
• Designed for legal accounting under GAAP
• Transaction journals
• Processing
• Reporting
• Business application tasks:
  •  Database
  • Application server
  • Presentation servers
    • Work process goes to the next user screens.
    • Roll file
• ABAP interpreter
• SAP dialog structure.
• Transaction dialog process.

 2. Special Purpose Ledger

 3. Accounts Payable

 4. Accounts Receivable

 5. Asset Accounting

 6. Consolidation

 7. Controlling

 8. Investments

 9. Funds Management

 10. Travel Management.

Full life cycle SAP R/3 implementation:

• Data migration
• Customization and enhancements
• BPR & Business consulting
• Corporate user training in SAP R/3

Project Activities:

• Assessment of work at contract award stage
• Project coordinator and team assignment
• Requirement determination phase
• Design phase
• Test plan phase
• Development phase
• Transport and delivery
• Implementation and acceptance
• Project management methodology

2. ABAP/4: Advance Business Application Programming

• Fourth generation programming language.
• ABAP/4 programs are interpreted
• Application Area, BASIS Area and Work Bench for ABAP/4
• Command field: Enter commands to be executed:/nex: Logoff
• Program and  transaction terms are interchangeable: Transaction Code in Command field: tcode: 3 to 4 Characters..
• There are four ways the user can initiate a dialog step. From the SAPGUI:
  • Press Enter.
  • Press a function key.
  • Click on a button on the screen.
  • Choose a menu item.
• An ABAP/4 program only occupies a work process for one dialog step
• User context: Roll Area
• Each work process is composed of the following:
  • A task handler
  • An ABAP/4 interpreter
  • A screen interpreter
  • A database interface

• Types of Work Processes and the Types of Requests they Handle

  WP Type	Request Type
  D (Dialog)	Dialog requests
  V (Update)	Requests to update data in the database
  B (Background)	Background jobs
  S (Spool)	Print spool requests
  E (Enqueue)	Logical lock requests
  M (Message)	Routes messages between application servers within an R/3 system
  G (Gateway)	Funnels messages into and out of the R/3 system

• A table is client-dependent if the first field is of type CLNT. The length will always be 3,  this field is always named mandt.
• Open SQL database statements insert, update, modify, and delete.
• A development object: programs, screens, tables, views, structures, data models, messages, and includes.
• Two main types of  programs:
  • Reports
    • Selection Screen : Input Parameters
    • List Screen: Display output.
  • Dialog programs : Screen / Forms
• Customer name range is two to eight characters long and the program name must start with the letter y or z.
• SAP reserves the letters a through x for their own programs.
• Internal Table: Arrays
  • An internal table is a temporary table stored in RAM on the application server
• Dictionary Tables
  • Data Dictionary: DDIC
    • Tables, Data elements, and Domains.
    • Transparent tables, Pooled tables, and Cluster tables
    • Transparent tables: Its structure in R/3 Data Dictionary corresponds to a single database table. Holds application data.
    • Pooled and cluster tables: hold system data, such as system configuration information, or historical and statistical data
    • Pooled tables are primarily used by SAP to hold customizing data.country codes, region (state or province) codes, reconciliation account numbers, exchange rates, depreciation methods, and pricing conditions. Even screen flows, field validations, and individual field attributes are sometimes table-driven via settings in customizing tables.
    • Each R/3 system comes with more than 13,000 preexisting domains created by SAP.
    •  Naming Conventions for Tables, Fields, Data Elements, and Domains created by the Customer

    Object Type	Max Name Length	Allowed First Character
    Table	10	y, z
    Data element	10	y, z
    Domain	10	y, z
    Field	10	Any character

    • Table LFA1 contains vendor number, a name, a region code, and a country code
    • Client Table so first field is mandt
    Fields and Their Characteristics for Table -LFA1

    Field Name	PK	DE Name	DM Name	Data Type	Length
    mandt	x	mandt
    lifnr	x	-lifnr	-lifnr	CHAR	10
    name1		-name1	-name	CHAR	35
    regio		-regio	-regio	CHAR	3
    land1		-land1	-land1	CHAR	3

   

  • Commonly Used Data Types

   

  Type	Description
  CHAR	Character strings (maximum 255 characters)
  DEC	Decimal values (maximum length 31)
  DATS	Date field
  TIMS	Time field
  INT1, INT2, INT4	Integer values
  NUMC	Character field that can contain only numerics

  Simple Program to Display the Data in the ZTXLFA1 Table
  

  1  report ztx0301.
   2   tables ztxlfa1.
   3   select * from ztxlfa1.
   4       write: / ztxlfa1-lifnr,
   5                ztxlfa1-name1,
   6                ztxlfa1-regio,
   7                ztxlfa1-land1.
   8       endselect.
   9   if sy-subrc <> 0.
  10       write 'Table is empty.'.
  11       endif.

  • The data class determines which tablespace the table will be created in. The most important data classes are APPL0 (master data) and APPL1 (transaction data).
  • Changes to critical data can be automatically logged in change documents

• Data and Control Statements
  • The first word of a statement is the keyword. 
  • A statement can include one or more additions, and always ends with a period.
  • ABAP/4 code is not case sensitive.
  • Non-modifiable data objects are literals and constants
  • An internal table is the ABAP/4 equivalent of an array.
  • Data objects have three levels of visibility: local, global, and external
  • Local: inside the subroutine, Global:  anywhere within the program and External from outside of Program.
  • Literals: character string ('JACK'), numeric (256), floating-point ('9.99E9'), and hexadecimal ('A2E5').
  • Examples of Variables Defined with the DATA Statement

  1 data f1(2) type c.
  2 data f2 like f1.
  3 data max_value type i value 100.
  4 data cur_date type d value '19980211'.

  • Variable names can be 1 to 30 characters long

  •  List of Character Data Types

• Numeric Data Types

• Data Dictionary Data Types and Their Corresponding ABAP/4 Data Types

• Examples of Parameters Defined Using the PARAMETERS Statement: For Input Screen Parameters. The system displays an input field for each parameter on a selection screen

1 parameters p1(2) type c.
2 parameters p2 like p1.
3 parameters max_value type i default 100.
4 parameters cur_date type d default '19980211' obligatory.
5 parameters cur_date like sy-datum default sy-datum obligatory.

• Field string is a series of fields grouped together under a common name. 

• 176 system variables available within every ABAP/4 program

Commonly Used System Variables

• System variables are stored in the structure syst.

• The assignment statements are clear, move, and move-corresponding loke COBOL.

• Perform calculations using compute, add, subtract, multiply, divide. 

• Comparison statements are if and case.

• Loop statements are do and while.

• Field String:  can define them using either data or tables.

• A Simple Example of a Field String Defined Using the DATA Statement
  

   1 report ztx0802.
   2 data: begin of totals_1,
   3         region(7)    value 'unknown',
   4         debits(15)   type p,
   5         count        type i,
   6         end of totals_1,
   7       totals_2 like totals_1.
   8
   9 totals_1-debits = 100.
  10 totals_1-count  = 10.
  11 totals_2-debits = 200.
  12
  13 write: / totals_1-region, totals_1-debits, totals_1-count,
  14        / totals_2-region, totals_2-debits, totals_2-count.

• You can define your own data types using the types statement.

• Modularization
  • Events:  is a tag that identifies a section of code
  • Use exit, check, and stop to leave an event.

    Three Basic Events

    1  report ztx1701.
    2  initialization.
    3    write / '1'.
    4
    5  start-of-selection.
    6    write / '2'.
    7
    8  end-of-selection.
    9    write / '3'.

• ABAP/4 Events

Category	Events
Driver	initialization at selection-screen start-of-selection get end-of-selection
User	at line-selection at pfn at user-command
Program	top-of-page end-of-page

• Subroutines:  is a reusable section of code
• Function modules

• Reports:
  • Selection screen: Input Parameters
  • Output screen: Result of Selection.
  • Source code: Must
    • Source code for a report is stored in database table dd010s.
  • Attributes: Must
    • Type: 1.  A 1 indicates the program is a report
    • Application field: L: Inventory management.
  • Text elements: Optional
  • Documentation: Optional
  • Variants: Optional
  • Your First ABAP/4 Report Program

    1 report ztx0201.
    2 write 'Hello SAP World'.

  • Your Second Program

    1 report ztx0202.
    2 tables ztxlfa1.
    3 select * from ztxlfa1 into ztxlfa1 order by lifnr.
    4     write / ztxlfa1-lifnr.
    5     endselect.

    Dialog Programs

    • Screens:  input fields, output fields, pushbuttons, and more than one scrollable area.
    • Program Attributes screen
  • Screen Painter and Menu Painter
  • *: Comment Statement.

  •  Codes for the Application Areas in R/3

• Around 8,000 database tables are shipped with the standard delivery R/3 product.
• Three conceptual areas in the R/3 system:
  • Applications area
    • Logistics, Accounting, Human Resources, or Information Systems
  • Basis area
    • Tools->Administration. 
    • Performance, tuning, and database administration tools
    • Basis is like an operating system for R/3
    • Basis provides the runtime environment for ABAP/4 programs.
    • Basis makes ABAP/4 programs portable
  • Development Workbench
    • Tools->Development Workbench
    • Create and test ABAP/4 programs
    • Application server: interprets ABAP/4 programs
  • A transaction code is a 3 or 4 character code associated with a transaction.
    • FK03:Accounting->Financial Accounting->Accounts Payable.
• Presentation Server:  SAPGUI: program named sapgui.exe:  installed on a user's workstation.
• Application server: interprets ABAP/4 programs
• Data Base Server: accept database requests from the application server.
• User context: Allocated at the time of Log on and freed at the time of logoff.
• Roll area: Area to run user Program
• Dialog step: processing needed to get from one screen to the next
• Roll-In, Roll-out and Work Process.
• Each work process is composed of the following:
  • A task handler
  • An ABAP/4 interpreter
  • A screen interpreter
  • A database interface

• The average R/3 installation has three systems: development, test, and production.
• User master records (containing R/3 user IDs) are client-dependent Tables. First field is of type: CLNT, Width:3 and name: mandt
• Open SQL, your SQL statements will be passed to the database interface
• Development object:   programs, screens, tables, views, structures, data models, messages, and includes.
  • The workbench :
    • The ABAP/4 program editor where you can create and modify ABAP/4 source code and other program components
    • The Data Dictionary where you can create tables, structures, and views
    • The Data modeler where you can document the relationships between tables
    • The Function library where you can create global ABAP/4 function modules
    • The screen and menu painters where you can create a user interface for your programs
    • the ABAP/4 Debugger
    • the SQL trace tool used to tune SQL statements
    • the runtime analyzer for optimizing your program's performance
    • a where-used tool for impact analysis
    • a computer-aided test tool for regression testing
    • a repository search tool for finding development objects
    • the Workbench Organizer for recording changes to objects and promoting them into production

3. core functional areas:

• Logistics
  • Sales and Distribution (SD)
  • Material Management (MM)
  • Warehouse Management (WM)
  • Production Planning (PP)
  • General Logistics (LO)
  • Quality Management (QM)

• Financial
  • Financial Accounting (FI)
  • Controlling (CO)
  • Enterprise Controlling (EC)
  • Investment Management (IM)
  • Treasury (TR)

• Human Resources
  • Personnel Administration (PA)
  • Personnel Development (PD)

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